we consider both the impact of global competition through measures of import penetration and the impact of within …We evaluate the impact of international competition on firm-level perfor- mance in Belgium. In the manufacturing sector … competition through a firm's proximity to the border. In both instances, we consider the impact on a variety of performance …

the collapse in the pass-through coincides with a steep increase in import penetration from a group of major manufacturing … EMEs around the turn of the millennium, which signals increased competition and market contestability. …

-level import competition and firm-level outsourcing. We find that imports from China are much more important than imports from … other low-wage countries. Industry-level import competition from China reduced firm employment and induced skill upgrading …. Import competition from China alone can explain around 30 percent of the total skill upgrading in Belgian manufacturing …

indicate that, both industry-level import competition and firm-level outsourcing to China reduce firm employment growth and … Chinese imports is large. Industry import competition from China accounts for 42% (20%) of the within firm increase in the …

indicate that, both industry-level import competition and firm-level outsourcing to China reduce firm employment growth and … Chinese imports is large. Industry import competition from China accounts for 42% (20%) of the within firm increase in the …