Fossil-fuel subsidies are economically inefficient and harmful for the environment yet efforts to phase them out at the national and international levels have not been effective. The existing international legal framework is too weak and fragmented to support this process and an international...

Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: International oil markets and the need for accelerated decarbonisation -- Chapter 3: How much oil shall we need anyway? -- Chapter 4: Will the need for energy security derail the energy transition? -- Chapter 5: OPEC+ and energy transition -- Chapter 6: Is...

We analyze the energy market and ETS outcomes in Kazakhstan, a major fossil-fuel exporter. The energy market was characterized by the presence of large state-owned enterprises, prevalence of fossil fuel subsidies, and dominance of coal-fired generation. Despite the ETS, Kazakhstan's CO2...