It is well understood that political participation is stratified by socio-economic characteristics. Yet it is an open … developed by an expanding empirical literature on EOp we investigate to what extent political participation is determined by …, we find that a lack of political opportunity is particularly pronounced for contacts with officials, participation in …

While it is well documented that political participation is stratified by socio-economic characteristics, it is an open … what extent differential political participation is determined by factors that lie beyond individual control (circumstances … forms of participation and persist over time. Family characteristics and psychological conditions during childhood emanate …

It is well understood that political participation is stratified by socio-economic characteristics. Yet it is an open … developed by an expanding empirical literature on EOp we investigate to what extent political participation is determined by …, we find that a lack of political opportunity is particularly pronounced for contacts with officials, participation in …

We investigate how the link between individual schooling and political participation is affected by country … participation is more responsive to schooling in land-abundant countries, and less responsive in human capital-abundant countries … participation and its responsiveness to schooling, by lowering the opportunity cost of production income foregone. In an extension …

A large literature has claimed that higher political participation increases welfare spending. In this paper, I review … this literature. I study the theoretical link between participation and redistributive spending. Then, I survey the … empirical literature on the link between education, income and political participation, as well as that between political …

lower participation of shareholders with popular preferences (free-rider effect) relative to that of those with unpopular … preferences (underdog effect). We illustrate these strategic effects in a rational choice model in which the voting participation …