employment in the country, while the agriculture, mining, and manufacturing sectors have declined in relative importance. While …-intensive and higher value-added manufacturing, while also promoting employment-enhancing services subsectors. …

We focus on special characteristics of the manufacturing sector, in terms of employment generation and productivity … the relationship between manufacturing value added or employment shares and trends in income inequality. In Indonesia … have been mixed. Indonesia's structural transformation pattern has shifted, from 'upgrading industrialization' before the …

global forces driving economic, institutional, and social change. These include digital industrialization, global value …

structural transformation toward industrialization, manufacturing in particular. Workers moved out of agriculture into … manufacturing, and the sector diversified and upgraded its structure. Manufacturing activities are subject to increasing returns to … scale, and many manufacturing goods have high income elasticities of demand. For these reasons, manufacturing is referred to …