-issued bank notes (national bank notes) and central bank-issued bank notes (Federal Reserve notes) were simultaneously in … Federal Reserve notes were not issued to be a superior currency to national bank notes. Rather, they were issued to enable the … eventually eliminate national bank notes was that they were potentially a source of bank reserves. As such, they could have …

In 1683 the Bank of Amsterdam introduced a form of fiat money that successfully competed with the coinage of the time … Dutch Republic. The Bank's fiat money regime persisted until the downfall of the Dutch Republic in 1795 and incorporated … modern features such as gross settlement of financial obligations, open market operations, central bank repurchase agreements …