Taking a slightly closer look at the EVA basics prompts that the metric by design is a synthetic mixture of returns from the operating and financing activities, and therefore, yields a biased assessment of both the operating and overall performance. Fundamentally, the scale of the measurement...

This article introduces a new financial metric for managerial performance evaluation, Value Added to Invested Capital (VAIC), with the cost of unlevered equity as a hurdle rate to calculate the capital charge rather than the widely accepted WACC. VAIC preserves all positive features of the...

In this teaching note, we discuss the basic principles for tariff setting. Tariff setting is very important for regulated industries, such as water and power. The tariff should provide an appropriate risk-adjusted return to the investor. If the tariff were too low, then the investors would not...

In this rejoinder, we note that the complaint against the classic FCF WACC is misplaced because it incorrectly identifies the real source of the problem. The fault for the discrepancies, dear colleagues, lies not in the classic formulation of the FCF WACC. The real reason for the discrepancies...

Taking a slightly closer look at the EVA basics prompts that the metric by design is a synthetic mixture of returns from the operating and financing activities, and therefore, yields a biased assessment of both the operating and overall performance. Fundamentally, the scale of the measurement...

Debt financing with subsidizes interest rate has a multidimensional impact on the firm. Value of the levered equity, value of the debt and overall firm value will be different of those values with debt financing at market rate. Subsidized interest rate on debt does not create any additional cash...

We demonstrate analytically and illustrate with examples that the conventional measures of the residual operating income such as the Economic Value Added (EVA) are biased by design and so may yield a misleading assessment of financial performance. Fundamentally, the magnitude of the measurement...

We derive and present the formula for optimal debt under the assumption that tax shields are discounted at the cost of levered equity, Ke and cash flows are on perpetuity. The formulation is consistent and is derived from basic financial principles. This formulation is valid for non-growing...

In this article we use a real life case from an emerging country to illustrate the valuation with discounted cash flow methods that include complexities such as unpaid taxes, losses carried forward, foreign exchange debt, presumptive income and inflation adjustments to the Financial Statements....