Causal inference in the empirical sciences is based on counterfactuals. This paper presents the counterfactual account of causation in terms of Lewis's possible-world semantics, and reformulates the statistical potential outcome framework and its underlying assumptions using counterfactual...

This paper reviews the overview of the dynamic shortest path routing problem and the various neural networks to solve it. Different shortest path optimization problems can be solved by using various neural networks algorithms. The routing in packet switched multi-hop networks can be described as...

In the past few years sustainability and sustainable development have become important concepts widespread over the world. There is no agreement on a common definition of sustainability, but there is a general need to measure and assess sustainability in different geographical and spatial...

Monetary incentives underlie academic publications, especially in countries where many researchers' incomes are performance-based. Evidence has documented that social ties improve the chances of publication in journals, whereas building and maintaining social ties require resources. We develop a...

It is nowadays unquestionable that the defense of the environmental quality and to it safeguards of the natural resources are fundamental slopes of the social development. The exploration of the common natural resources (water, air, soil, natural landscapes and humanized) it has been provoking...

Currently, Indian market is witnessing a retail boom with organized retailers offering a whole assortment of goods and services under one roof with good shopping environment. Private brands are gradually taking more space of retailers' shelf space in developed western economies. As competition...

Bitcoin has enabled competition between digital cryptocurrencies and traditional legal tender fiat currencies. Despite rapidly increasing acceptance, so far the affirmation of cryptocurrency as better money has been thwarted by dramatic deflationary price instability. Successful at disposing of...