States can reduce global greenhouse gas emissions through trade measures such as energy subsidies, labelling or certification requirements or tax adjustments. These measures modify production or consumption behaviour without regard to territorial borders. Yet territory is a significant concept...

States sometimes restrict imports to address environmental concerns arising from conduct outside of their territory. Apart from the need to comply with World Trade Organization (WTO) law, these trade measures give rise to two jurisdictional issues: first, the importing State might be alleged to...

"The international legal framework for valuing the carbon stored in forests, known as 'Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation' (REDD+), will have a major impact on indigenous peoples and forest communities. The REDD+ regime contains many assumptions about the identity,...

Subsidies to the fishing sector have trade and ecological consequences, especially for fisheries that are over-exploited. In response, WTO members are negotiating to clarify and improve the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. Yet significant legal challenges constrain this...

Principle 12 of the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development contains aspirations for the role of trade policy in an open international economic system leading to sustainable development. Paradoxically, Principle 12 goes further than trade law disciplines in suggesting that countries...