Statistics reporting litigated cases of fraud on an exchange-by-exchange basis are not readily available to investors … – Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States – to show litigated cases of fraud significantly vary by country, and the …-of-sample inferences. The data examined suggest there are significant differences in the nature of observed fraud across exchanges within …

decreasing firm risk. The mechanisms that transmit incentives to decisions and decisions to risk appear to be more conservative …

-merger performance. These results hold controlling for CEO overconfidence and cannot be attributed to firms altering incentives to induce …

stronger risk-taking incentives when value-risk tradeoffs are steeper (i.e., the marginal benefit of risk-taking is greater … deliberately provide managers with risk-taking incentives to address risk-related agency conflicts and these incentives do not … effects of managers' stock holdings by showing that these incentives vary based on firms' value-risk tradeoffs …

incentives -- information and effort are substitutes -- offsetting the standard effect that improved information lowers the cost …