Problem Definition: Healthcare expenditures are increasing worldwide, and spending on pharmaceutical drugs is a major contributor to this trend. Many countries are responding by implementing external reference pricing (ERP) to contain drug prices, which is a commonly used policy by countries...

A group purchasing organization (GPO) aggregates healthcare providers' demands to negotiate better deals on their behalf with medicine manufacturers, which is believed to be helpful in reducing procurement cost. However, this belief has typically been based on a one-time procurement context...

The increasing complexity of consulting, research and development, and information technology projects has resulted in close collaboration between clients and vendors, who co-create value through co-design and co-production. In such co-creation environments, the output is contingent on the...