Bond carry trading is a popular strategy among investors who are looking for higher returns while minimizing risks. The basic premise of this strategy is to buy a high yield bond and sell a low yield bond in the same currency and sector, with the intention of capturing the difference in yield,...

Arbitrage trading strategies are a class of trading strategies that involve buying and selling financial instruments to take advantage of price discrepancies. The goal of arbitrage trading is to make a profit from the differences in prices between securities or markets, without taking on...

In what follows we present systematic trading and discuss the benefits. We evaluate contemporary trends, the opportunities arising from machine learning and the operational cost challenges faced, leveraging on the history of the industry to demonstrate why maintaining a competitive edge is...

Yield Curves reflect the borrowing and lending rates over a range of maturities within a particular market and currency. Yield curves capture the term structure of interest rates and provide observers with a means of comparing short- and long-term interest rates.There are different types of...

Libor is arguably the world's most important number with more than USD 350 trillion of loans and financial contracts referencing this rate. Libor benchmark interest rates are being replaced with alternative reference rates (ARRs). There is no guarantee Libor rates will continue to be quoted...

Libor is arguably the world's most important number, with more than USD 200 trillion of derivatives, loans, securities and mortgages referencing this rate in the US markets alone. The Libor benchmark rate is being replaced with alternative reference rates (ARRs) and there is no guarantee the...

In this paper we review the pricing and model calibration of Credit Default Swaps referring to both the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) CDS contract and credit model standardization guidelines. Furthermore we provide an Excel pricing workbook to supplement the materials...

In this paper we review the Vasicek and Hull-White 1 factor (HW1F) models. For each model we summarize the model stochastic process, solution and Gaussian or normal dynamics. For pricing purposes we might opt to use more advanced models, however for risk management and complex calculations such...

In this paper we provide an outline of interest rate swaptions and how to price swaptions with different payoff or settlement types. Firstly we review the different settlement styles commonplace in financial markets. Secondly we review the swaption pricing formulae corresponding to each...

In this paper we outline the European interest rate swaption pricing formula from first principles using the Martingale Representation Theorem and the annuity measure. This leads to an expression that allows us to apply the generalized Black-Scholes result. We show that a swaption pricing...