Organised crime tightens its corrupting influence on politics through violent intimidation. Anti-crime measures that … increase the cost of corruption but not of the exercise of violence might accordingly lead mafia-style organizations to … retaliate by resorting to violence in lieu of bribery. On the other hand, this kind of anti-crime measure might also induce …

, the threat of being betrayed by their fellows may induce top-criminals to rely on corruption (to avoid sanctions). However …-rank ones. This domino effect can deter crime more than a policy based only on amnesties to low-rank criminals would: a bright …