second contributor. The consequences of sanctioning depend on the treatment: whereas punishment can reduce inequality in one … treatment, it only creates another inequality in the other. To capture the effect of delay on punishment both treatments are run … once with immediate and once with delayed punishment. Moreover, to investigate the effect of pure voice, all four …

equilibrium model is developed, exploiting these facts to quantitatively assess the race crime gap, that is the difference in … crime explained by the difference in observables. The model is calibrated relying on US data and solved numerically. The … model captures well relevant dimensions of the crime phenomenon, such as the inmates composition by race, employment status …

Empirical evidence reveals that unemployment tends to increase property crime but that it has no effect on violent … crime. To explain these facts, we examine a model of criminal gangs and suggest that there is a substitution effect between … property crime and violent crime at work. In the model, non-monetary valuation of gang membership is private knowledge. Thus …

For nearly 50 years academics have been studying how labor markets affect crime. The initial interesting and important … theoretical and empirical work generated substantial interest in studying crime among economists, in particular, and scholars in … markets reduce crime seems obvious and is widely accepted by many policy makers and academics, empirical results fail to show …

This study empirically examines the relationship between crime, deterrence and unemployment in Greece. A regional … deterred by higher clear-up rates. Also for property crime rates, the results indicate that unemployment increases crime. For …

This paper investigates the efficacy of a punishment mechanism in promoting cooperative behaviour in a public goods … game when enforcement of punishment is uncertain. Experimental studies have found that a sanctioning system can induce … view that punishment needs to be exercised to be feared, otherwise the simple threat of it cannot be effective in promoting …

punishment in a social dilemma. Emotional reaction to free-riding incites individuals to apply sanctions when they are available …

of related studies, cooperation does not increase under the threat of punishment, though the punishment option was … frequently used. At individual level I show that while punishments do not affect cooperative behaviour, they provoke counter-punishment … use punishment as frequently and as vehemently as the better-off, despite higher opportunity costs. …