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The fiscal governance of the EMU is in dire need of reform. Its current arrangements suff er from several shortcomings, most notably, the limitations they impose on national fiscal policies, steering them towards too restrictive or pro-cyclical stances; the absence of an unconditional lender of...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014565890
This paper investigates determinants of convergence in GDP per capita in the euro area and the EU between 1995 and 2021. It finds that the COVID-19 crisis temporarily slowed convergence but the estimated negative impact is significantly smaller than during the global financial crisis. Diverging...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014334683
We measure consumers' use of cash by harmonizing payment diary surveys from seven countries. The seven diary surveys … United States). Our paper finds cross-country differences – for example, the level of cash usage differs across countries …. Cash has not disappeared as a payment instrument, especially for low-value transactions. We also find that the use of cash …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10013370109
The single currency was expected to make balance of payments irrelevant between the euro-area member states. This benign view has been challenged by recent developments, especially as imbalances between euro-area central banks have widened within the TARGET2 settlement system. Current-account...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010293563
Credit rating agencies (CRAs) have not consistently met the expectations placed on them by investors and policymakers. It is difficult, however, to improve the quality of ratings through regulatory initiatives. In the short term, changes to the CRAs' regulatory environment, in a context of high...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010293566
The crisis has underlined the strong interdependence between the euro-area banking and sovereign crises. To understand the role domestic banks have played in holding sovereign debt, a breakdown of government debt by holding sectors is required. The data shows that at the start of the crisis,...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010293573
The search for solutions to the euro crisis is based on a partial diagnosis that overemphasises the lack of enforcement of existing fiscal rules. Europe's leaders should rather address the euro area's inherent weaknesses revealed by the crisis. At the core of euro-area vulnerability is an...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010293578
Irrespective of the euro crisis, a European banking union makes sense, including for non-euro area countries, because of the extent of European Union financial integration.The Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) is the first element of the banking union. From the point of view of non-euro...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010293581
The Bank of England, the Federal Reserve (Fed) and the European Central Bank (ECB) have responded to the crisis with exceptional initiatives resulting in a major increase in their balance sheets. After the ECB's end-2011 launch of three-year bank refinancing (LTRO), there has been speculation...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010293582