world markets. To explain higher protection in sectors where a large share is imported from these countries, we extend the …

Import tariff receipts represent an important share of government revenues in many developing countries and there has … recently been a surge in empirical studies showing how evasion in this field is a pervasive phenomenon. In the case of import … tariffs, the tax base is the product of quantity and unit value, both of which have to be reported and need to be assessed by …

figures, primarily by developing country traders. This is due to the inflexible exchange rate regimes, severe import … restrictions and export subsidies prevailing in LDCs. In this paper we focus on the import under-invoicing due to high tariff … under-invoicing. We also look at the optimal levels of import tariff and instruments of government intervention in these …

, while the threat of protectionism also involves more direct tariffs against EU exports to the US. We apply a measurement …

This paper considers labor market adjustments following a large import shock in the German clothing industry caused by …

appear to have been insignificant. At the same time the change in tariffs appears to have created some trade diversion, with …