The state price density is a second derivative of the discounted European options prices with respect to the strike price. We use Maximum Likelihood method to derive a simple estimator of the curve such that it is decreasing, convex and its second derivative integrates to one. Confidence...

In this paper we compare the price of an option with one year maturity of the German stock index DAX for several volatility models including long memory and leverage effects. We compute the price by applying a present value scheme as well as the Black-Scholes and Hull-White formulas which...

Neural networks (NN) and fuzzy logic systems (FLS) are used successfully for financial forecasting, credit rating and portfolio management. In search for more sophisticated modeling techniques a mixture of NN and FLS has proved to be worth consideration. We propose the novel constructive...