Economic theory suggests that countries' tariff commitments in trade agreements reflect their import market power at …-Uruguay Round applied tariffs and relying on the theoretical framework of the terms-of-trade motive for trade agreements, we …

representatives then sets tariffs that are strictly positive. Introducing additional policy instruments reveals a trade-off between …

Recent quantitative trade models treat import tariffs as pure cost shifters so that their effects are similar to … iceberg trade costs. We introduce revenue-generating import tariffs, which act as demand shifters, into the framework of … quantification based on countries observed degrees of openness, tariff revenues, and on the gravity elasticities of tariffs and …

This paper shows how a world price shock can increase the likelihood that democratization must be used to resolve the … threat of revolution. Initially, a ruling elite may be able to use trade policy to maintain political stability. But a world … resolve. Because the world price shock may also reduce average incomes, the model provides a way to understand why the level …

is to show how a dictatorship can manipulate trade policy to maintain its grip on power in the face of permanent world …

responding to import shocks by raising tariffs and increase the likelihood of contingent measures. We argue that this reduces …This paper studies how WTO rules and flexibilities shape its members' trade policy responses to import shocks. Guided … overall trade policy uncertainty. In a counterfactual scenario where WTO members can arbitrarily increase tariffs they are 4 …

The Brazil-Taxation dispute concerns the complaints taken to the World Trade Organisation by the European Union and … can be exempted from complying with National Treatment rules under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and the …

integration inside the area. Similarly, the departure of a country from a customs union lowers tariffs world-wide. Moreover, we … as tariffs, non-tariff barriers, the harmonization of production standards and regulations, business frictions, as well …