Principal-Agent (P-A) theory sees the fact of delegation as defining a relationship be-tween states (collective Principals) and international organizations (Agents) with recon-tracting threats being the predominate way states influence IOs. Developing a category of Trustee-Agents, I argue that...

The Kyoto Protocol's success or failure should be evaluated against the unobserved counterfactual of no treatment. This requires instrumental variables. We find that countries' membership in the International Criminal Court (ICC) predicts Kyoto ratification in a panel model. Both multilateral...

A country's carbon footprint refers to the CO₂ emissions caused by domestic absorptionactivities. Trade in goods drives a wedge between the footprint and local emissions. Weprovide a panel database on carbon footprints and carbon net trade. Using a differencesin-differences IV estimation...

This paper develops a model of the WTO dispute settlement process (DSP) to study the recent proposal by legal scholars to subsidize litigation costs. The high cost of litigation, so the argument, is a major obstacle for developing countries to using the DSP to enforce developed countries?...

Dieses Papier setzt sich mit den wesentlichen Prägungen der Globalisierung auf die Entwicklung des Internationalen Investitionsrechts auseinander; es fragt, inwiefern der grenzüberschreitende Investitionsschutz durch internationale Schiedsgerichte die Rolle des Staates bei der Bereitstellung...

Free Trade has always been highly contested, but both the arguments about it and the treaties that regulate it have changed dramatically since the Second World War. Under the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) regime, objections to free trade were essentially economic, and...

This paper develops a model of the WTO dispute settlement process (DSP) to study the recent proposal by legal scholars to subsidize litigation costs. The high cost of litigation, so the argument, is a major obstacle for developing countries to using the DSP to enforce developed countries'...

We argue that participation in international agreements is influenced by their design characteristics, notably commitment levels, measured by the specificity of obligations, and compliance mechanisms, measured by monitoring, enforcement, assistance, and dispute settlement provisions in treaties....

Dem deutlichen Zuwachs des weltweiten Handelsvolumens in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten müsste auch eine Zunahme von Handelsstreitigkeiten in der Justiz gegenüberstehen. Tatsächlich aber nehmen die Fallzahlen in Handelssachen vor staatlichen Gerichten stetig ab. Zur Erklärung dieses Umstands...