fuel tax raises household demand for more fuel efficient cars, provided that the demand for car use is inelastic; it … reduces the demand for characteristics that raise variable user costs. Surprisingly, however, a kilometer tax unambiguously … fuel tax and a kilometer charge reduce the total annual fixed ownership cost for car attributes that raise the variable …

which emits much more CO2 than oil. The way of achieving this is to have a steeply rising carbon tax during the initial oil …-only phase, a less-steeply rising carbon tax during the intermediate phase where oil and coal are used alongside each other and … the following coal-only phase, and a flat carbon tax during the final renewables-only phase. The laissez-faire outcome …

for the Italian economy, using a translog cost function specification. Cointegration theory is employed to estimate the …

-round integration of two economies. Empirically, such a constellation is found between Australia and New Zealand, whereas diverging … trends in money and interest rates characterise the relation of Australia towards the US. …