Many recent studies have looked at the macroeconomic, cultural and institutional determinants of corruption at the … bribes and the firms paying bribes affect the equilibrium level of corruption in the sector. Bribe takers (utility employees … empirical literature on corruption is how to distinguish between the "endogenous harassment" and "speed money" theories of …

positively correlated with government consumption as well as the absence of corruption. …

-shaped or downward-sloping pattern. Corruption may affect this relationship in two distinct ways: by raising pollution at given … corruption on pollution. The indirect effect via income is positive or negative depending on the income level. If negative, the … corruption. Because this relationship is particularly strong at low income levels, developing countries can considerably improve …

In transition and developing countries, we observe rather high levels of corruption even if they have democratic … high corruption levels. Our model is based on the fact that corrupt offcials have to pay an entry fee to get lucrative … positions. In a probabilistic voting model, we show that a lack of financial institutions can lead to more corruption as more …

In many auctions, the auctioneer is an agent of the seller. This invites corruption. We propose a model of corruption … profitable. We characterize equilibrium bidding in first- and second-price auctions, show how corruption distorts the allocation …, and why both the auctioneer and bidders may have a vested interest in maintaining corruption. Bid rigging is initiated by …

bureaucrats. It is shown that the existence of tax evasion does not affect corruption activities at the firm level, while the … budgetary repercussions of tax evasion induce less corruption. Policy measures which alter the gains or losses from corruption …

bribe, which reduces corruption. Appropriate networks are more easily established in small towns, by long-term residents of … battle against corruption faced by policy-makers in rapidly urbanizing countries with high fertility. I show that victims of …