Recent rounds of GATT and later WTO have advocated widespread tariffication, meaning that existing non-tariff barriers … be converted into import equivalent tariffs. From an economic point of view, the effects of such tariffication are not … tariffication. The ranking of pre- and post-tariffication welfare depends crucially on the nature of the initial trade barrier and …

explain the cases of mid-nineteenth-century Britain and mid-twentieth-century United States and to support a theory of …