providing a provisional account of the more recent economic developments in Brazil far outstripped the costs. The Brazilian …

determined by the initial gap. We obtain these results with 2SLS estimates where slavery is used as an instrument for the initial … gap. The excludability of slavery is preliminarily established by instrumenting it with the share of disembarked slaves … initial racial gap in education and that slavery affects growth indirectly through this channel. …

During the period spanning independence in 1822 to mid-century, Brazil's southeast shifted from specialising in the …

This paper studies the history of contractual choice in coffee plantations of São Paulo, Brazil. It focuses on the … consolidation of non-captive labour markets in the early phases of the transition from slavery in the country, particularly in the … turn allowing for the immigration of poor and credit-constrained Europeans, paving the way to insert Brazil into the …

Brazil’s foreign and trade relations with Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) date back to the Portuguese slave trade. Of the 9 … Brazilian-African relations. Instead, a pronounced nationalism suffused Brazil’s political life. It guided Brazil’s foreign and … trade relations and defined how Brazilians interpreted the opportunities of African independence movements. Only Brazil …

agriculture production and calls for a broader theory of slavery as capital investment. …

the colonies, not only under slavery, but also afterwards via indentured labor in the Indian Ocean and obligatory labor in …