, however, be observed across countries and sectors. We focus on electricity and gas sectors because energy sectors have usually …

European Union countries have implemented widespread reforms to product markets in order to stimulate competition … (SMP) were associated with increased product market competition, as measured by a reduction in average profitability, and … reforms on average profitability, and the effects of profitability on innovation and productivity growth. – Competition …

electricity companies and transnational competition, Chile and Brazil have only partially liberalized their electricity sector …This paper compares electricity market reforms in the European Union with reforms in Chile and Brazil. The paradigm of … competitive market structures for the electricity sector, as developed in the economics literature, is outlined: competitive …