, and the bank approval disparity is also larger in more racially biased counties. We conclude that insofar as automation by …

-firm lending data. We decompose loan movements in Japan for the period 1990 to 2010 into bank, firm, industry, and common shocks … developing a new methodology to separate firms' credit shocks from loan supply shocks, using a vast sample of matched bank … economy, which creates a role for granular shocks, as in Gabaix (2011). As a result, idiosyncratic bank shocks - movements in …

financial conglomerates. We conjecture and provide evidence that the organizational complexity of the family of a bank is a … fundamental driver of the business model of the bank itself, as reflected in the management of the bank's own balance sheet. Using … change the scale of the lending channel for a large global bank by more than 30 percent. …