The principle of 'mutual recognition' is almost universally acclaimed for removing barriers to trade (e.g., within the EU), for enabling regulatory competition, and for preserving scope for regulatory autonomy instead of embarking on a path to harmonisation and centralisation. Through the...

In the Gebhard judgement the European Court of Justice has formulated the requirements which must be satisfied for self-regulatory restrictions on entry (such as the protection of titles and compulsory membership of public professional bodies) to be compatible with the fundamental freedoms...