The burden of past restructuring of the external debt of developing countries has been distributed asymmetrically among creditors owing to the lack of incentives for voluntary debt reduction. “New creditors” have been deterred from lending voluntarily because their claims would inevitably be...

In 2017, global investment in renewables and energy efficiency declined by 3% and there is a risk that it will slow further; clearly fossil fuels still dominate energy investment. This could threaten the expansion of green energy needed to provide energy security and meet climate and clean air...

Lilac Nachum's Columbia FDI Perspective argues that society is best served when companies focus on maximizing profits rather than on their social and environmental impacts. This follows the logic of an idealized free-market economy. In practice, we argue, companies should take responsibility for...

Developing a solid foundation for electronic payment systems is an integral part of ICTdriven development for any country. Compared to cash, e-payment transactions offer the advantages of portability, security, and convenience. For interpersonal transactions, epayments enable instantaneous...

The challenges of sustainable development are primarily ethical in nature. Guided by a ceaseless quest for profit, today's global economy is synonymous with vast amounts of exclusion, indignity, and environmental devastation. To succeed, therefore, the Sustainable Development Goals require...

Green growth entails several different kinds of processes: conversion to low-carbon energy, climate resilience, and response to climate shocks. Equity implies a fair sharing of the costs, within countries and between countries. The authors set out to explore some of the ways that equity has been...