Black Death struck most areas of Europe and the wider Mediterranean. Based on a modified version of the gravity model, we …

religiosity and integration different in Europe and in the United States, due to historical differences in the state-religion … sides of the Atlantic - Europe and the United States. Based on the existing literature and on a statistical analysis of … several data sets (the International Social Survey Program - ISSP: Module Religion, 2008; the European Social Survey - ESS …

The belief in occult forces is still deeply rooted in many African societies, regardless of education, religion, and …'éducation, de la religion, et la classe sociale des personnes concernées. Selon de nombreux Africains son incidence est encore …

Replacing the US nuclear guarantee with a French nuclear umbrella for Europe would face major political and logistical … challenges. Nevertheless, given the growing uncertainty in Europe and Asia, the German government should consider scenarios and …

presents case studies from Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. …

Algeria's intrastate war in the 1990s, during which militant Islamists and the state fought fiercely against each other … conditions directly linked to the resource sector with the general conflict-fueling conditions diagnosed in Algeria. It takes … but also enhances our understanding of the eruption of violence in Algeria. …

This paper explores the use of hydrocarbon revenues in post-conflict Algeria. While the bloody years of the 1990s now …-building efforts in Algeria and identify ways of improving these measures. The resources, which are mainly controlled by the central …-building will only lead to sustainable results when embedded in full-fledged reforms of Algeria's entire economic and political …

roots of the European divergence. We present new evidence of elite numeracy in Europe since the sixth century CE. During the … early medieval period, Western Europe had no advantage over the east, but the development of relative violence levels … formation. For example, the disparities in violence between Eastern and Western Europe helped to shape the famous divergence …