While in the US stock-based incentives are commonly used since the 50s of the last century, in Germany they were …-based long-term incentives account for less that 23% of the overall compensation to members of the management board. Our …

We propose a model of production where technical change is both time and management induced. We define a general … management index in addition to the general time index of Baltagi and Griffin (1988) and use them as arguments in the translog … productionfunction. Time and management induced technical change are then defined interms of these general indices. For comparison, we …

We study the impact of and reward to middle management ability using data from 245 stores of a nationwide retailer. The … company scores six broad areas of management practice, the most important of which turns out to be commercial awareness, where … managers do not receive higher pay all else equal, which implies that middle management ability is not fully tradable. …