This paper isolates the causal effect of policing on group violence, using unique panel data on self-reported crime by … soccer and ice hockey hooligans. The problem of reverse causality from violence to policing is solved by two drastic … violence increased dramatically during these periods. …

marginal cost of violence always reduces violence, while increasing the indiscriminate fixed cost may backfire and result in …

hooligans reap utility from violence and social identity and study the effects of different police strategies. We find that an … increase in discriminative policing, provided by intelligence units, for example, always reduces violence. Under the right … circumstances, it may also lead to larger supporter clubs and a significant drop in violence. Indiscriminate policing, such as the …

policy for domestic assault offenders. The first of these was the Minneapolis Domestic Violence experiment (MDVE), which was …

reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

The level of violence in the National Hockey League (NHL) reached its highest point in 1987 and has reduced somewhat … information from several databases 1996-2007, the incentives for violence in North American ice hockey are analyzed. We examine …

conflict-affected countries. This module will enable researchers to address specific violence-related issues comparatively … survey designs in conflict-affected areas. We review existing conflict- and violence-related questionnaires, with a special … in order to deepen the understanding of the nature of violent conflict and the channels whereby conflict and violence …