Black Death struck most areas of Europe and the wider Mediterranean. Based on a modified version of the gravity model, we …

This paper studies the market microstructure of pre-industrial Europe. In particular we investigate the institution of … merchant towns in Central and Western Europe from the late 13th to the end of the 17th century. We show that towns implemented …

historical circumstances. In medieval Europe, states and the Church found individuals trained in Roman law valuable, and … eventually supported investments in this new form of human capital. This had positive effects on Europe’s commercial and …

In this paper I survey and reinterpret the extensive literature on Europe's Great Depression. I argue that Europe could …

migrations. Here I focus on the period 1850 to 1940 and chiefly on migration from Europe to the New World. The survey is …

Using Finnish panel data, we study how entrepreneurs differ from workers in education and income dynamics. We find that … workers have higher median income in all educational groups. Without additional controls, entrepreneurs have higher average … switch from entrepreneurship to workers, while education does not explain, in a statistically significant level, switching …

trennten: die politische Geschichte und die Sozialgeschichte, die Geschichte des Rechts und die der Gesellschaft. Für ihn waren …