Gemessen an den jeweiligen Bedürfnissen der Bevölkerung, können Standards in Entwicklungsländern sowohl zu hoch als … auch zu niedrig sein. Beides ist möglich. Zu niedrige Standards sind oft darauf zurückzuführen, dass es an Verfahren fehlt …, die kollektives Handeln ermöglichen. Übernimmt man hingegen einfach die Standards aus reichen Nationen, kann das …

information flows and how firms upgrade. In addition, the implementation and compliance with standards provides opportunities for … the producers were aware of the important role of standards. They affirmed that in the process of implementing and … complying with standards, they have gained new knowledge and were convinced that they succeeded in securing at better position …

Dieses Arbeitspapier gibt einen Überblick über aktuelle Normen und Standards, die für das Projektmanagement (PM) von … Deutsche Institut für Normung (DIN) und das US-amerikanische American National Standards Institute (ANSI) bzw. das Project … Management Institute (PMI®) berücksichtigt. Bei den Standards werden solche Organisationen als relevant erachtet, die in der Lage …

We assess the literature on public and private quality standards and their impact in food markets, international trade … protectionism, a complicate task. We look at studies investigating public and private standards and across various quantitative … approaches and countries. These standards have complex effects. The evidence is mixed regarding standards as catalyst for or …

This paper discusses the design, implementation and use of standards from the perspective of transaction costs … economics. A proper design and implementation of standards may lead to a considerable reduction of transaction costs, which … shows that network externalities play a major role in the use of standards, and that, on the other hand, worldwide standards …

processing. Issues with product standards may be particularly important for goods with long supply chains. The link between NTMs …

, standards and labelling, and subsidies and countervailing duties. It concludes that in the absence of clear international …

This paper aims to help policy makers identify how standards can contribute to the effective and cost … discuss what standards are, how the process of standardization works, and how standards are related to induced innovation and …-saving technologies. This broad perspective enables us to identify interesting economic dimensions of standards, such as their …