-South theoretical framework, I show that higher Northern tariffs reduce the incentives for outsourcing and offshoring, while higher … Southern tariffs have the opposite effects. I also show that increased offshoring and outsourcing imply an increase in the …

The paper builds a framework for the analysis of research and development (R&D) offshoring and outsourcing that …

This paper explores offshoring of firms’ research and development functions. Our analysis employs a previously untapped …&D offshoring is small. Second, a large majority of R&D is offshored within the enterprise group, in contrast to offshoring outside … of the enterprise group. Third, most of R&D offshoring from Europe is directed to high-income European countries, not so …

integration)? Which firms choose to expand their sourcing activities across the national border (offshoring)? This letter provides … vertical integration and of offshoring tend to have been more productive ex ante than firms choosing not to do so. This finding …

produced in Finland, and 58-59%, if the production is outsourced. In conclusion, the results show that outsourcing offshore is …, since the outsourcing partners create only 2% of the total value added. …

outsourcing decision, where only tangible property rights are considered. We argue therefore that the risk of imitation is a …

distinguish between domestic and foreign sourcing, as well as between outsourcing and vertical integration. A firm’s choice is …

increasing offshoring activity increases competition in the final goods market, leading to a progressive vertical disintegration … of the supply chains. Initially, the firms that decide to explore offshoring potential choose integration. As competition …