Currency substitution, the use of foreign money to finance transactions between domestic residents, is a common feature of emerging market economies.Currency substitution reduces the stability of money demand functions in ways that can seriously undermine central bank credibility and its efforts...

The paper proposes a new indicator of expected real effects of a policy aimed at controlling inflation.The indicator, called real effect of inflation targeting (REIT), involves the comparison of expected and output-neutral inflation.It is shown that it can be derived from a simple...