In Germany, hard coal has been subsidized for almost half a century. Despite the declining significance of hard coal … proponents of hard coal subsidization in Germany and other EU countries. Most importantly, in addition to the drain imposed on … in Germany, where in nominal terms the accumulated amount of subsidies has now by far exceeded € 130 bill., but all …

coal mining corporations. We focus on coal mining in the Ruhr district, Germany's main mining area. We use stochastic …

precisely, we consider the Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndicate, a coal cartel that operated in Imperial Germany in the late 19th …