and nominal exchange rates are used, where Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovenia and Hungary … for Poland are identified. Conversely, for Slovenia, Hungary, Ireland and Spain merely short-term links resulted … are included in the analysis. From the cointegration analysis and VAR analysis both long-term links and short-term links …

Market analysts and central banks often use the implied volatility of FX options as an indicator of expected exchange … deviate the value of implied volatility from the exchange rate variability expected by the market. These biasing factors are … one month. However, implied volatility provides a biased estimate, and does not encompass the information included in …

-ins for monetary union with respect to Germany. Using tests for cointegration and common features for monthly data during the …

dominated by the indirect effect via the export channel. Services do not face any effects of volatility on R&D intensities …A recent literature has pointed at potential negative effects of exchange rate volatility on innovation. In this paper …, we propose that there may be a direct effect as well as an indirect effect via export activity. We test these hypotheses …

dominated by the indirect effect via the export channel. Services do not face any effects of volatility on R&D intensities …A recent literature has pointed at potential negative effects of exchange rate volatility on innovation. In this paper …, we propose that there may be a direct effect as well as an indirect effect via export activity. We test these hypotheses …

transmission mechanism in two countries from the region, namely Poland and Hungary and contrast the results with dairy market …

best test to be used jointly with a restriction test on self-cointegration is a modified version of the Dickey-Fuller test …