We resolve several scenarios of post-Brexit using a multi-country simulations model of neoclassical growth. We started by assuming the UK unilaterally imposed much tighter restrictions on foreign direct investment and trade with other EU countries. Then we assume the European Union imposes and...

This paper surveys the theoretical and empirical literature on the effects of the real exchange rate (RER) on international trade, economic development and growth. We summarize the main conceptual issues, discuss the relevance of the RER as an instrument of development policy, provide an...

The costs of import substitution (IS) as a strategy for industrialization, which was deemed synonymous with economic development by many development economists of the fifties and sixties, were shown to be substantial in the influential and nuanced studies of the seventies and eighties under the...