This paper argues that trade and capital account reforms within autocracies underlie the primacy of foreign currency procurement. A longitudinal comparison of four countries (Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt and Jordan) in the Middle East and North Africa region shows a historical sequencing of reforms....

The Soviet ruble has become the common currency for 14 independent states with their own policies on credit expansion and budget deficits. The built-in inflationary bias of the present arrangement can be redressed if the common ruble makes way for separate currencies. However, if major successor...

This paper examines the relationship between the official and parallel exchange rates, in three Caribbean countries, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad, during the 1985-1993 period using cointegration, Granger causality, and reduced form methods. The official and parallel rates are cointegrated in all...

Bereits vor dem 11. September 2001 wurde damit begonnen, Finanzmittel als Instrument im Kampf gegen den Terrorismus einzusetzen. Danach wurden sie zumindest zeitweilig als besonders effektiv angesehen, um den Aktionsradius transnationaler terroristischer Gruppen einzuschränken. Allerdings gibt...

Cesar Virata's tenure as secretary/minister of Finance is the longest held by any head of department in Philippine history. This study reviews his contributions to the evolution and reform of the Philippine tax system which were significant, sustained and consistent. His contributions helped to...

Agents operating in illegal markets cannot resort to the justice system to guarantee property rights, to enforce contracts, or to seek protection from competitors’ improper behaviors. In these contexts, violence is used to enforce previous agreements and to fight for market share. This...

We collect a novel dataset that covers about 130 countries and the six four-digit live animal categories in the Harmonized System (HS) over a sixteen-year period, to study the link between illicit trade in live animals and threat to animal health from infectious diseases. Our results imply that...

Im grenzüberschreitenden Warenverkehr (v.a. Reiseverkehr o. Postverkehr) liegt die Aufmerksamkeit bei der Kontrolle von Tieren oder Pflanzen auf der Einfuhr von exotischen Exemplaren, die dem Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen CITES (Convention on the International Trade in Endangered...

Narcotic drugs are smuggled from the Americas to Europe and many parts of the World. While opium, cannabis, hashish or other drugs are mainly coming out of Asia or Africa and are channelled and smuggled to Europe mostly on a land passage (or very short maritime routes), cocaine is mostly...

Drogenschmuggeltechniken werden von Drogenkartellen und der organisierten Kriminalität auf verschiedene Weise angewendet, um illegale Drogen über die Grenzen zu schmuggeln: mithilfe von tief fliegenden Flugzeugen, Schnellbooten, Bodypackern und auf vielen anderen Wegen. Dieser Beitrag...