This paper argues that the production constraints in the basic NAIRU model should be distinguished by type: capital … constraints and labour constraints. It notes the failure to incorporate this phenomenon in standard macro models. Using panel data … for UK manufacturing over 80 quarters we show that capital constraints became relatively more important during the 1980s …

attention has been given to systematically theorising the actual constraints on this process despite inherent and widely … to draw out critical constraints, classifying them according to their position in the transfer process: demand …-side constraints; programmatic constraints; contextual constraints; and, application constraints. One feature of the literature to date …

that there are potentially significant gender inequalities in the constraints facing women compared with men. The paper …