redeeming impact on educational performance. Others see early testing of children as a necessary instrument for identifying … children. In practice, there is large crosscountry variation in testing regimes. We exploit random variation in test-taking in … mathematics among early primary school children in Norway, a low testing environment. We examine two forms of testing, complex but …

Testing is a task that requires much effort, yet it is essential for developing software. Automated test case …

economic framework with age heterogeneity, individual choice, and incomplete information, emphasizing the value of testing … underscore the importance of testing, showing its impact on reduced deaths, lower economic costs and laxer lockdown. We use the …

nonparametric testing tools for data consistency with special cases of the collective model, which impose specific structure on the … preferences of the group members (in terms of consumption externalities and public consumption); and we show that these testing … income shares that underlie observed (collectively rational) group behavior. In addition, we present formally similar testing …