reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

This paper critically reviews a vast array of literature on the costs of crime and common violence. Using a simple …

This paper analyses the repercussions of the high level of criminal violence in Latin America on the economy of the … violence has had a significant negative effect on investment and economic growth. …

The level of violence in the National Hockey League (NHL) reached its highest point in 1987 and has reduced somewhat … information from several databases 1996-2007, the incentives for violence in North American ice hockey are analyzed. We examine …

conflict-affected countries. This module will enable researchers to address specific violence-related issues comparatively … survey designs in conflict-affected areas. We review existing conflict- and violence-related questionnaires, with a special … in order to deepen the understanding of the nature of violent conflict and the channels whereby conflict and violence …

This paper studies migration decisions of very poor households in an environment with a high level of violence. By … matching detailed retrospective data on violence levels in Colombian rural municipalities with a household survey collected for … problems of the sample and the key issue of endogeneity of violence. The main results show that high levels of violence …

level of violence, an outlier among the oil countries as a whole. It applies a newly elaborated 'context approach' that … with a moderate increase in internal violence in Venezuela are subsequently analyzed, in the second part of the paper, from …, and corruption. On the other hand, oil has triggered violence-primarily through socioeconomic causal mechanisms (central …

In keinem Land der Erde sind in den letzten Jahrzehnten Gewerkschaften derart von physischer Gewalt getroffen worden … die enorme physische Gewalt, der Gewerkschaftsmitglieder in Kolumbien in den letzten Jahrzehnten ausgesetzt waren, mit dem …? Oder rührt die Gewalt gegen Gewerkschafterinnen und Gewerkschafter aus der Dynamik des übergreifenden, gewaltsam …