results of our study, we examine whether Michels' "iron law of oligarchy" applies and whether democratic procedures for …

democracy disappears once including country fixed effects. This paper tests the hypothesis that the effect of income on … democracy might differ systematically across countries. A replication of the estimation in a less restrictive empirical … framework provides evidence for significant but heterogeneous effects of income on democracy for former colonies and non …

two views. Property rights do affect development as suggested by the PoI. However, democracy is mainly an effect of …

two views. Property rights do affect development as suggested by the PoI. However, democracy is mainly an effect of …

of GDP growth. The paper finally suggests a positive correlation between democracy and economic development. …

subjects may exit. In a simple model, both kinds of competition are substitutes. Internal competition (democracy) benefits … democracy, and rulers are less eager to oppose it, when external competition is high. In a panel of countries, there are fewer … changes towards democracy when states have low GDP relative to their neighbours. …