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This report presents a long-term view of the evolution of financing of EU non-financial corporations (NFCs) in recent decades. It finds a decline in NFC leverage since at least 2008, and across countries, size categories and industries. It also documents a growing role of non-bank financial...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014327946
By using an existing and a new convergence measure, this paper assesses whether bank loan and bond interest rates are converging for the non-financial corporate sector across the euro area. Whilst we find evidence for complete bond market integration, the market for bank loans remains segmented,...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010427552
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014306491
of individuals to information. Goods advertising is competing with political information for people's attention. This …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010315559
, consumers do not. Under non-comparative advertising a firm may signal its own quality. Under comparative advertising firms may … scenarios equilibria are revealing. Under comparative advertising the firms never advertise together which they may do under non …-comparative advertising. …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010316055
advertisers and customers. The relation between advertising receipts and sales receipts, which are both complementary and … antagonist, is different if media operators impose a price or a quantity to advertisers. When consumers dislike advertising …, media operators are better off setting an advertising price than an advertising quantity. We establish a relationship …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010261367
) industry. I present an empirical discrete-choice model of limited information on the part of consumers, where advertising … influences the set of products from which consumers choose to purchase. Multi-product firms choose prices and advertising in each … medium to maximize their profits. I apply the model to the US PC market, in which advertising expenditures are over $2 …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010263301
price collusion in duopoly markets. Two environments are tested, in which the size of the spillover between advertising … expenditures is varied. The results show that the competitiveness of advertising and prices are significantly higher when the … advertising spillover is higher than the price spillover than when advertising spillover is lower than the price spillover. In the …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010264854
It is sometimes argued that more advertising raises consumption which in turn stimulates output and so economic growth … advertising does not Granger-cause growth but Granger-causes consumption. Consumption, in turn, Granger-causes GDP growth. The … data imply that the immediate impact of more advertising on consumption is positive. However, the long-run effect is …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010266892
of individuals to information. Goods advertising is competing with political information for people's attention. This …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010269262