This paper begins with the observation that the constrained maximisation central to model estimation and hypothesis testing may be interpreted as a kind of profit maximisation. The output of estimation is a model that maximises some measure of model fit, subject to costs that may be interpreted...

We show that if sophisticated institutional managers and individual investors perceive tail-risks differently, then a new explanation for the pricing kernel puzzle emerges. We show, by example, that even a tiny difference in tail-risk perception by the two investor types can explain the pricing...

Climate risk represents an increasing threat to poor and vulnerable farmers in drought-prone areas of Africa. This study assesses the fertilizer adoption responses of food insecure farmers in Malawi, where Drought Tolerant (DT) maize was recently introduced. A field experiment, eliciting risk...