This paper argues that corruption in Russia is systemic in nature. Low wage levels of public officials provide strong … incentives to engage in corruption. As corruption is illegal, corrupt officials can be exposed any time, which enforces loyalty … towards the powers that be; thus corruption is a method of governance. We trace the systemic corruption back to the Mongolian …

Corruption has fierce impacts on economic and societal development and is subject to a vast range of institutional …, jurisdictional, societal and economic conditions. Research indicates that corruption's predominantly negative effects have arisen to … impairing everybody's life. This paper provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey of existing literature on corruption and …

conclude discussing the implications for the fight of more harmful forms of corruption. …

prices. The evidence offers a glimpse of quite explicit micro-level evidence on various types of behavior and corruption that …

history of past play has little effect on the level of corruption. …

. Overall, our findings suggest that the proclivity to corruption of the former Communist party members has been transmitted … through family and thus sustained over time, contributing to corruption decades after the demise of the Socialist bloc. …