In this paper, we describe the emergence and evolution of pharmaceutical research at the German company E. Merck during the late 19th and early 20th century. Revolutionary changes in the scientific knowledge base, especially the rise of bacteriological research, and the market entry of dyestuff...

Due to the traditional operational model of cooperative banks which is mostly based on financial intermediation, the range of a local bank's social influence in a given environment is highly dependent on the money transfer balance, that is using local money to satisfy local needs. A typical...

Dieser Aufsatz dient dem Versuch, ein konsistentes wirtschaftspolitisches Bewertungsverfahren zur Analyse der Leistungsfähigkeit der genossenschaftlichen Bankunternehmung zu entwickeln. Dafür wird das auf linearer Programmierung beruhende Schätzverfahren "Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)"...

This paper presents a conceptual framework for explaining credit union (CU) loan delinquency and profitability in developing countries. It also offers an empirical estimation for a unique sample of Latin American CUs.

Microfinance is typically associated with joint liability of group members. However, a large part of microfinance institutions rather offers individual instead of group loans. We analyze the incentive mechanisms in both individual and group contracts. Moreover, we show that microfinance...

Das deutsche Bankensystem befindet sich seit Jahren in einer schwierigen Ertragslage, sichtbar in einer im internationalen Vergleich geringen Rendite. Bereits in der Vergangenheit wurde darauf mit Personalabbau, Fusionen und Schließung von Bankstellen reagiert; in Zeiten konjunktureller...

This paper attempted to test whether efficient cooperative rural banks (CRBs) have a better control of their agency costs. We used two different concepts of efficiency, namely, cost efficiency and alternative profit efficiency, and found somewhat different results from both approaches. Using...

This paper first examines the extent of cost and profit inefficiencies of the Philippine credit cooperative system using stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). Then, it looks into the effects of certain variables on the cost and profit efficiencies of credit cooperatives. Three groups of correlates...