A firm that lacks the specialized complementary assets necessary to commercialize an innovation faces a trade-off between contracting with an incumbent to access those assets and integrating downstream into commercialization. According to the framework developed in the prior literature, under a...

This paper analyzes the technology commercialization strategy of an innovating firm when the incumbent firms possess specialized commercialization capabilities. The predominant framework says that if the innovation is protected by a tight appropriability regime the optimal strategy is to license...

Patent-based measures are frequently used as indicators in empirical research on innovation and technology as well as on firms' strategies and organizational choices to characterize inventions or, more generally, innovative activities and the technological capabilities of organizations. A clear...

Patent-based measures are frequently used as indicators in empirical research on innovation and technological change. Currently, there is little evidence as to what extent patent-based indicators relate to product market outcomes. Using a unique dataset that links outcomes from product...