Das Übereinkommen des "Harmonisierten Systems zur Bezeichnung und Codierung der Waren" (auch "Harmonisiertes System" genannt, abgekürzt HS) wurde mit Wirkung vom 1. Januar 1988 in Kraft gesetzt und wird inzwischen in mehr als 190 Staaten, Gebieten und Wirtschaftssystemen angewendet. Damit...

The Johannesburg Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Customs Matters as of 2003 is a crucial breakthrough and important legal tool for the implementation of risk analysis systems by customs authorities governed by the the World Customs Organization (WCO) around the globe. However...

The paper describes and comments the Italian policies and measures planned to implement the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, with the aim of contributing to the overall reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in industrialised countries over the next 10-15 years. The first part of the paper describes...

In light of recent conflicts on the issue of minorities and European regulations, the issue of the protection of minority rights appears to be increasingly more important in a world of multiculturalism, which should be a world of dialogue and respect of human rights as well. The fundamental...

In order to function, the ethical norm creates a system, called and known as an ethical system. It is separated from the legal system, as the ethical norm is separated from other types of norms or law. The comparative model allows us to see to what extent there are common elements of...

Hitherto, the ‘African part’ of the history of international law has often been limited to the (critical engagement with) ‘the acquisition of Africa’ since the 1880s and questions of ‘state succession’ and international borders following independence starting in the 1950s. In this...

Since June 2018 Australia and the European Union have been negotiating a Free Trade Agreement. This book offers insights from recognised experts in the field, from Australia, Europe and Asia, on the potential economic benefits to be reaped from greater economic openness. It addresses issues of...

Article 3 of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) requires each TFA member to issue advance rulings in a reasonable time that are binding on the applicant and the customs authorities of the issuing country. Such binding advance rulings cover, among other things,...

The protection of the global environment is impeded by multilateral externalities which the international community attempts to bring under control by entering into international agreements. International agreements, however, can suffer from non-compliance and free-riding behaviour by sovereign...

Climate change has emerged as the predominant "world problematique". Though entire populations are affected by climate change, women and girls suffer the most. The consequences of natural disasters, women face heighten real-life challenges, especially exposure to different forms of sexual and...