This study characterizes the corporate leniency policy that minimizes the frequency with which collusion occurs. Though … it can be optimal to provide only partial leniency, plausible sufficient conditions are provided whereby the antitrust … when amnesty is awarded, though it can be optimal to award amnesty even when the antitrust authority is very likely to win …

Price-fixing is characterized when firms are concerned about creating suspicions that a cartel has formed. Antitrust … stability of the cartel. While antitrust laws can lower collusive prices, they can also raise them by making it easier for firms …

recovery of antitrust damages to direct purchasers. However, antitrust damages are typically (in part) passed on to … collusion. It allows an upstream cartel to shield itself from private damage claims by forwarding a share of cartel profits to … private damages. The cartel can achieve this by rationing inputs at low prices. Several U.S. antitrust cases show symptoms of …

antitrust market than manufacturers' brands. …

We examine the relation between consumer search and equilibrium prices when collusion is endogenously determined. We …

international – antitrust policy; however, the formal proof that a cartel really functioned economically and did not only exist in a …, focusing on legal proof of a cartel is fruitless unless collusion resulted in excess profits or excess revenues. This economic … in spring 2003, the German Antitrust Agency (GAA) fined the German cement industry – € 661 million for having established …