To protect retail investors from the bail-in rule, we propose that banks should issue subordinated "contractual bail … estimates of the amounts of contractual bail-in instruments that European banks should issue in order to reach the 8% target …

We model EU countries' bank ratings using financial variables and allowing for intercept and slope heterogeneity. Our … assigned lower ratings, ceteris paribus, than 'old' ones. We find that country-specific factors (in the form of heterogeneous … intercepts) are a crucial determinant of ratings. Whilst 'new' EU countries typically have lower ratings than 'old' ones, after …

We model EU countries' bank ratings using financial variables and allowing for intercept and slope heterogeneity. Our … lower ratings, ceteris paribus, than old ones. We find that country-specific factors (in the form of heterogeneous … intercepts) are a crucial determinant of ratings. Whilst new EU countries typically have lower ratings than old ones, after …

regulation in 2021 on the framework for the recovery and resolution of central counterparties. The regulation is based on the … bank recovery and resolution directive of 2014. This paper provides a critical overview of the new regulation by focusing … on the question of whether the bank resolution tools are useful and effective in the case of central counterparty …

so, is the resolution regime in the Euro-area ready to respond? No, for banks may not have the right amount of the right …-in work. To do so, banks would pay - possibly via the contributions they make to the Single Resolution Fund - a commitment fee …Banks are not immune from COVID-19. The economic downturn may drive some banks to the point of non-viability (PONV). If …

regulatory changes are likely to affect banks' business models, and regulations on banks' structure would interfere with business …