High fluctuation of exchange rate in short horizon is obviously making economic activity more risky as uncertainty rises. As it is not good for the economy, then there should be a systematic and measured policy to mitigate the foreign exchange fluctuations and to minimize the fluctuations, as...

Within finance, there is an area of investment based on the role in investment opportunities that are expected to increase in value in the short or long term, further to this, will also increase a profit for the investor. Depending on preferences, risk propensity and available trading...

In this paper we model the dynamics of 100 years long monthly price series of eight non-ferrous and precious metals. Applying the state space framework we impose and identify two common factors related to non-ferrous and precious metals, respectively, which exhibit quite distinct autoregressive...

Recent research has emphasized the influence of colonization on the institutional development and economic performance in former European colonies. Where European colonizers settled, they replicated the investment-conducive institutions found at home. It has been argued that a harsh disease...